Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic ones because of specialized organelles. Learn how ancient collaborations between cells gave eukaryotes an important energy boost. Plant Cells, ...

Chloroplasts of algae and plants are the cellular engines that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. These organelles, bounded by an envelope with two membranes, contain ...

The TOC (Translocon at the Outer envelope of Chloroplasts)-TIC (Translocon at the Inner envelope of Chloroplasts) supercomplex is responsible for mediating the transport of most precursor proteins ...

Takashi Hirashima is in the Faculty of Life Sciences and at the Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan. Toshiya Endo is in the Faculty of Life Sciences and at ...

Researchers of Kumamoto University in Japan have succeeded in the world's first visualization of a peptidoglycan 'wall' present in the chloroplasts of bryophytes (moss plants). Until now, chloroplasts ...

The locations of chloroplast proteins reveal the spatial organization of the chloroplast. Engineering crop plants will help address food, fuel, and product production challenges that arise from ...

Life as we know it wouldn’t be possible without chloroplasts — those tiny, bean-shaped structures inside plant and algae cells that harness the sun’s energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into ...