Low rates can also inflate financial markets. Investors, unable to generate strong returns in safe assets, such as short-term Treasury notes, will move into progressively higher-risk assets, where returns are higher, but so is the danger of steep losses.

Trump has criticized Powell for months because the chair has kept the short-term interest rate the Fed controls at 4.3% this year, after cutting it three times last year. Powell says the Fed wants to see how the economy responds to Trump’s sweeping tariffs on imports, which Powell says could push up inflation.