Diagnosis determines what illness is present; formulation explains why it takes its particular form in a given person. Both are essential and complementary to sound clinical reasoning.

Researchers identify that the brain's sensory checkpoint (TRN) undergoes a molecular "upgrade" in adulthood for high-resolution perception.

Neuropsychiatric disorders, encompassing conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease, represent a leading cause ...