Lawson’s Dairy stores had their beginning in 1939 when James Joseph “J.J.” Lawson (27 Jan 1888-23 Jul 1962) opened a retail counter to sell milk by the gallon and ice cream at his Lawson Milk Company ...

OWENS, JESSE (12 September 1913-31 March 1980), was a world record setting track-and-field athlete during the 1930s. In 1950 sportswriters voted him as the world's top track star of the century. Born ...

AFRICAN AMERICANS. Cleveland's African American community is almost as old as the city itself. GEORGE PEAKE, the first Black settler, arrived in 1809 and by 1860 there were 799 Black people living in ...

WATER SYSTEM. The production, purification, and distribution of potable water constitutes a "hidden system" in the infrastructure of the modern city. Until faucets run dry, or reservoirs are exhausted ...

The CLEVELAND POLICE DEPARTMENT was formed in 1866 under the auspices of the Metropolitan Police Act enacted by the Ohio general assembly. Prior to 1866 police services had been provided by an elected ...

The MAY DAY RIOTS occurred in Cleveland on 1 May (May Day) 1919 and marked a major episode of unrest that characterized the rising tensions in American society at the time of the First Red Scare, in ...

The HOUGH RIOTS, 18-24 July 1966, were a spontaneous outbreak of civil disorder which encompassed a spectrum ranging from angry protest to vandalism, looting, and arson. A number of observers believed ...

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. The automotive industry includes the manufacture of automobiles, parts, and accessories. 20th-century Cleveland is part of a nearly worldwide automotive culture dependent on this ...

CUYAHOGA COMMUNITY COLLEGE opened in Sept. 1963, 2 years after the Ohio legislature passed enabling legislation to create a statewide system of community colleges. Tri-C was designed to meet the need ...

CLEVELAND HEIGHTS began as a hamlet in 1901, was incorporated as a village in 1903, and became a city in 1921. Six miles east of downtown, it comprises eight square miles, bounded on the west by ...

MITTAL STEEL USA is the American subsidiary of Mittal Steel Company N.V., headquartered in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, which as of 2005 was the world's largest steel producer. Mittal Steel was formed ...

JOHN CARROLL UNIVERSITY was founded in 1886 as a liberal arts college for men, initially under the name St. Ignatius College. It was operated by priests of the Buffalo Mission of the German Province ...